Battery Chemistry and the Development of Sustainable Energy Storage

Abstract

Battery chemistry is fundamental to the development of reliable and sustainable energy-storage systems. Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy through coupled oxidation-reduction reactions, with ions moving through an electrolyte and electrons flowing through an external circuit. Advances in electrode materials, electrolytes, interfaces, cell architectures, and recycling technologies have improved energy density, power capability, cycle life, and safety. At the same time, the expansion of renewable electricity and electric mobility has increased demand for battery systems that use abundant resources, generate less environmental impact, and can be efficiently recycled. This paper examines nine major dimensions of battery chemistry and sustainable energy storage, including electrochemical principles, electrode materials, lithium-ion technology, next-generation batteries, electrolyte chemistry, interface reactions, safety, recycling, and future sustainable approaches.